tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-88623326855743331572024-02-08T02:25:32.226-08:00Health BookUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger132125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8862332685574333157.post-80568534904798973332010-12-25T09:39:00.000-08:002010-12-25T09:39:00.149-08:00Treatment Of PneumoniaTreatment consists of antibiotics and supportive treatment. Giving antibiotics should be based on microorganisms and their susceptibility test results.<br /><br />For several reasons, namely:<br />- severe disease can be life-threatening<br />- pathogenic bacteria that succeed in isolation is not necessarily as a cause of pneumonia<br />- The result of culturing the bacteria need time, administration of antibiotics done empirically.<br /><br />Treatment of patients with pneumonia depends on the severity of symptoms and type of cause of pneumonia itself.<br />1. Pneumonia caused by bacteria will be given antibiotic treatment. Treatment should be really really complete until no longer any symptoms or the results of X-ray and sputum no longer shows the existence of bacterial pneumonia, otherwise it will return someday suffered pneumonia.<br /><br />2. Pneumonia caused by a virus will be given treatment similar to flu patients, but more emphasis to the provision of adequate rest and plenty fluid intake and good nutrition to help restore the immune system.<br /><br />3. Pneumonia caused by fungus will get with the provision of anti-fungal treatment.<br /><br />Besides giving other drugs to help reduce pain, fever and headache. Provision of anti-(suppressor) cough at the recommended low dose just enough to make the patient can rest sleep, because coughing will also help the cleaning process secresi mucossa (ripple / phlegm) in lung.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8862332685574333157.post-68229464390105444122010-12-20T07:31:00.000-08:002010-12-21T02:32:38.845-08:00Prevention Of PneumoniaFor people who are susceptible to pneumonia, breathing exercises and therapy to get rid of phlegm, can help prevent pneumonia.<br />Vaccination can help prevent certain types of pneumonia in children and adults who are at high risk:<br />- Pneumococcal vaccine (to prevent pneumonia due to Streptococcus pneumoniae)<br />- Flu vaccine<br />- Hib vaccine (to prevent pneumonia due to Haemophilus influenzae type b).<br /><br />Prevention of Pneumonia in children:<br />In order not to develop into pneumonia, keep the child with a cough and pilik get enough to eat and drink a lot, keep the room smoke-free residence.<br />If the infant or child's breathing seemed normal that is not fast and not crowded, children simply treated at home. If a child's fever, can be given febrifuge. Clean regularly nostril before bedtime to keep the child breathe easier, the baby could sleep in the prone position.<br /><br />So that children do not experience a cold or pneumonia, cough, keep the child from an infected person coughs, keep the child had good nutrition, give milk to babies or children aged 0-2 years, eating a diet containing vitamin A from yellow fruits and vegetables, provide immunizations in children according to time, keep the room in which to live children have clean air and adequate ventilation.<br /><br />Prevention of Pneumococcal Pneumonia<br />Pneumococcal vaccine is the only way to prevent pneumococcal pneumonia obtain. The vaccines available for children and adults.<br />Vaccines and immunization-immunization of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that you get the pneumococcal pneumonia vaccine if you are in any groups of the following:<br />- You are aged 65 or older cope<br />- You have a long-term health problems such as serious heart disease, sickle cell disease, alcoholism, lung disease (excluding asthma), diabetes, or liver cirrhosis<br />- Your resistance to infection decreases caused by:<br />HIV infection or AIDS<br />- Lymphoma, leukemia, or other cancers<br />- Treatment of cancer with x-rays or drugs<br />- Treatment with medications long-term steroid<br />- Transplantation of bone marrow or organ<br />- Failed to marginal or kidney syndrome<br />- Damaged spleen or no spleenUnknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8862332685574333157.post-30915696658109683092010-12-15T09:36:00.000-08:002010-12-20T02:37:33.266-08:00Diagnosis of PneumoniaDiagnosis of Pneumonia can be done through:<br /><br />Clinical Overview<br />The symptoms of pneumonia similar for all types of pneumonia. The symptoms include:<br />- Fever and chills due to inflammatory processes<br />- A cough that is often productive and purulent<br />- Sputum rust-colored red or green with a distinctive odor<br />- Fatigue due to inflammatory reactions and hypoxia if the infection is serious.<br />The clinical picture is usually preceded by infection of acute upper respiratory tract for several days, followed by fever, chills, body temperature sometimes exceeds 400C, sore throat, sore muscles and joints. Also accompanied by cough, with purulent sputum mukoid or, sometimes bloody.<br />On physical examination, chest pain seen bagiam the time left to breathe with bronchial breath sounds are sometimes weakened. Ronkhi obtained fine, which later became ronkhi wet rough on the stage of resolution.<br /><br />Radiological picture<br />Radiological picture in the photo thorax on pneumonia, among others:<br />- Perselubungan homogeneous or inhomogen accordance with a lung lobe or segment anantomis.<br />- The border firm, though at first less clear.<br />- Lung volume did not change, unlike lung atelectasis where shrinking. - No visible deviation of the trachea / septum / fissure / as in atelectasis.<br />- Silhouette sign (+): useful for determining location of pulmonary lesions; limit cardiac lesions with missing, mean lesion is adjacent to the heart or in the right lobe medius.<br />- Often due to complications of pleural effusions.<br />- When the occurrence of the inferior lobe, the sinus phrenicocostalis most recently exposed.<br />- At the beginning is often still visible vascular.<br />- In the resolution often seem Water Bronchogram Signing.<br /><br />Diagnosis of pneumonia Diagnosis based on medical history, physical examination and investigation. Etiologik diagnosis, based on examination mikrobiologik and / or serologic as a basis for optimal therapy. But the discovery of bacteria that cause is not always easy therefore require adequate laboratory support, and if the inspection can be done even mikrobiologik not always causing germs can be found. Therefore the WHO to develop guidelines for clinical diagnosis and management of pneumonia in children. The goal is to simplify the diagnostic criteria into a small number of physical signs can be detected directly, create a system of classification of disease and determine the basis of antibiotic usage.<br /><br />The diagnosis of pneumonia can be seen from the symptoms that occur in animals and by performing a physical examination. Information from chest examination with X-ray, blood tests, sputum culture also can help. Diagnosis of pneumonia is difficult if the animal suffered from other diseases. Sometimes a CT scan or other tests may be needed to distinguish pneumonia from other diseases.<br /><br />Ikubasi period between 20-30 days, followed by symptoms of anorexia, decreased temperature, fever, decreased blood pressure, heart rate increased, decreased oxygen saturation, body weakness, weight decreased, shortness of breath, dry cough, and cyanosis. Mushrooms can be found from animals suffering from sputum or lung tissue is viewed with Giemza staining under a microscope. Roentgen examination and inspection by PCR will strengthen the determination of this diagnosis.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8862332685574333157.post-67443595373912117192010-12-10T07:29:00.000-08:002010-12-20T02:37:51.417-08:00Symptoms of PneumoniaPneumonia have symptoms that vary, not the typical show pneumonia.Gejala infection associated with pneumonia include cough, chest pain, fever, and difficulty breathing. While the signs of suffering from pneumonia can be known after undergoing X-ray examination (Rongent) and sputum examination.<br /><br />The symptoms can be divided into 2:<br />- General symptoms: fever, cough, runny nose, hoarseness, sore throat. Then, the higher the heat, the more severe cough, rapid breathing, rib muscle tension, shortness of breath and patients become bluish (cyanosis).<br />- Respiratory symptoms: headache, abdominal pain and vomiting (in children over 5 years)<br /><br />Symptoms of Pneumonia in infants and children<br />In infants who breathe with the ventilator: the amount of mucus increases, the body temperature goes up - down. In infants (aged under 1 year) sign - a sign of pneumonia are not specific, not always found fever and cough. Pneumonia is an acute infectious process of the lung tissue (alveoli). The occurrence of pneumonia in children is often in conjunction with the process of acute infection in the bronchi (bronchopneumonia). Symptoms of this disease in the form of rapid breathing and shortness of breath, because suddenly inflamed lung. Limit fast breathing is a respiratory frequency of 50 times per minute or more in children aged 2 months to less than 1 year, and 40 times per minute or more in children aged 1 year to less than 5 years. In children under the age of 2 months, no known diagnosis of pneumonia.<br />Serious pneumonia characterized by coughing or breathing difficulty accompanied, shortness of breath or withdrawal of the lower chest wall into the (severe chest indrawing) in children aged 2 months to less than 5 years. In this age group is also known Pneumonia is very serious, with symptoms of cough, difficulty breathing accompanied by symptoms of central cyanosis and can not drink. As for children under 2 months, severe pneumonia is characterized by respiratory frequency of 60 times per minute or more or (also accompanied by) a strong drawdown in the lower chest wall inward.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8862332685574333157.post-7498757860788253562010-12-05T01:59:00.000-08:002010-12-15T02:00:35.269-08:00Cause Of PneumoniaThere are several causes of pneumonia. On estimate there are approximately 30 causes include pneumonia can be caused by infection by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasite (parasite). Pneumonia can also be caused by pain of chemicals or physical injury to the lungs, or as a result of other diseases, such as lung cancer or excessive alcohol drinking.<br />The most common cause is bacteria, viruses, fungi, micoplasma, protozoa, rickets and foreign objects. Generally travel pneumonia caused by injury or infection in the lower respiratory tract that causes inflammation. Bacteria can also be found in healthy human throat. If the body's defense is weak after years of smoking and drinking alcohol or recovering from other illnesses, so the lungs become vulnerable to germs everyday.<br />Microorganism infection or foreign objects that enter the lungs and attacking inflamation air pockets. Since inflammatory fluid into the alveoli lung cavity, also called consolidation. When there is infection quickly spreads through the bloodstream throughout the body. Pneumonia may also occur due to aspiration of gastric contents, water or other irritation. High-risk factors affected by pneumonia were upper respiratory tract infection, old age, alcoholism, smoking, nutritional deficiencies and chronic disease chronic.<br />Blood tests can often help to determine what causes pneumonia (whether bacterial or viral). X-ray photograph with your child on the chest to confirm the diagnosis. If your child is suffering from pneumonia, the results of x-ray photograph will show the existence of fluid (consolidation) in the lungs.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8862332685574333157.post-85481718819369858182010-12-01T07:50:00.000-08:002010-12-15T01:51:30.838-08:00Introduction Of PneumoniaPneumonia is a disease of the lungs where the pulmonary alveoli (alveoli) responsible for absorbing oxygen from the atmosphere become inflamed and filled with fluid. Pneumonia can be caused by several causes, including infection by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. Pneumonia can also be caused by pain of chemicals or physical injury to the lungs, or as a result of other diseases, such as lung cancer or excessive alcohol drinking.<br /><br />Symptoms associated with pneumonia include cough, chest pain, fever, and difficulty breathing. Diagnostic tools including X-rays. Treatment depends on the cause pneumonia, inflammation of the lungs caused by bacteria treated with antibiotics.<br /><br />Pneumonia is a common disease, which occurs in all age groups, and is the top ranked causes of death among the elderly and people with chronic illness. Vaccines to prevent certain types of pneumonia can be obtained. Individual prognosis depends on the type of pneumonia, appropriate treatment, complications, and health.<br /><br />One case of pneumonia that have a high mortality rate at present is a case of pneumonia caused by bird flu.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8862332685574333157.post-27890488240008948602010-11-25T02:41:00.000-08:002010-11-25T02:41:00.187-08:00Treatment of Heart Disease With HoneyHoney reduces the risk of heart disease, based on preliminary study published in the Journal of Medicinal Food "(2004, 1:100-7). Some scientific studies suggest the consumption of honey can reduce blood pressure causing heart disease. <br /><br />Honey for some people to cause obesity, high LDL and high blood pressure resulting in heart disease. Why? Because honey has a sweet taste from sucrose, glucose and fructose. We know that consuming excess sucrose is believed to increase the risk of obesity, insulin resistance and high blood pressure. Sucrose also reduces beneficial HDL and increase triglyceride levels. Fructose have the same effect with sucrose. <br /><br />Disinalah wonders of bee honey, sugar-gulaan such as sucrose, glucose and fructose contained in the honey actually healthful. Bees produce pure honey with flowers to suck nectar rich in sugar but bee-gulaan the processing of sugar-gulaan it first in the belly of a bee. After the nectar is processed in the honey bee's body, then remove honey bees from inside his stomach. So sugar-gulaan contained in honey is processed in the stomach first, so honey bees can be absorbed directly into our blood. Based on scientific research, honey can be absorbed into the blood about 10 minutes. This can be proved if we are tired after exercise then our bodies pure honey drink quickly feel refreshed. <br /><br />Besides honey contains sugar-gulaan also contain many potentially beneficial enzymes such as amino acids, honey contains bee pollen, propolis, beeswax and nutrients derived from plants and bee body itself. <br /><br />Some of the chemicals in the blood can be used to monitor the level of risk of heart disease. Several years earlier, and LDL cholesterol levels have been used to monitor the level of heart disease and recently homocysteine and C-reactive protein (CRP) have been added as a cause / factor for heart disease. People with high homocysteine levels have high levels of heart disease, cancer and some other dangerous disease. <br /><br />Homocysteine levels can be lowered by vitamin B6, B12 and folic acid. High CRP levels are also able to predict heart disease. CRP level increase caused by smoking, high blood pressure, obesity and chronic gum disease. <br /><br />So eating sucrose, glucose and fructose may increase the risk of heart disease, this study recommends eating honey is not only safe but in fact actually heart healthy.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8862332685574333157.post-87217796368402428752010-11-20T02:31:00.000-08:002010-11-23T02:32:56.043-08:00Prevention of Heart Disease with a Healthy LifestylePrevention efforts to avoid heart disease begins with improving lifestyle and controlling risk factors, thereby reducing the chances of the disease. <br /><br />For prevention of heart disease, avoid obesity and high cholesterol. Start by eating more vegetables, fruits, grains, other fibrous foods and fish. Reduce meat, snacks (snacks), and high-calorie foods and many contain other saturated fats. Foods that contain lots of cholesterol deposited in artery walls and cause atherosclerosis that trigger heart disease and stroke. <br /><br />Quitting smoking is the target to be achieved, also avoiding cigarette smoke from the environment. Smoking causes reduced blood vessel elasticity, thereby increasing the hardening of the arteries, and increases blood clotting factors that trigger heart disease. Smoking has a chance of coronary heart disease affected approximately two times higher than non-smokers. <br /><br />Reduce drinking alcohol. The more alcohol consumption, the possibility of hemorrhagic stroke, especially of the higher. Alcohol can raise blood pressure, weakened heart, thicken the blood and cause arterial spasm. <br /><br />Do Exercise / physical activity. Exercise can help reduce body weight, controlling cholesterol, and lowering blood pressure is another risk factor for heart exposed. <br /><br />Control high blood pressure and blood sugar levels. Hypertension is a major factor of coronary heart disease. Diabetes also increases the risk of stroke from 1.5 to 4 times as much, especially if uncontrolled blood sugar. <br /><br />Avoid using illegal drugs such as heroin, cocaine, amphetamines, because these drugs drugs may increase the risk of stroke 7-fold compared with non-drug users.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8862332685574333157.post-90707853571115467362010-11-15T08:15:00.000-08:002010-11-15T08:15:00.961-08:00Diagnosis of Heart DiseaseBased on perceived symptoms, a doctor can make a rational estimate of whether the symptoms suggest a heart attack or not. His suspicion may be reinforced by the appearance of the patient, the level of blood pressure and heartbeat sounds. Your doctor will probably send it to the ECG examination and blood test, but when still feel the pain, the doctor will probably give an injection penghilangrasa pain before the examination. It's scary because the pain can be brought to the brink of a deeper, which can cause cardiac symptoms. The pain can also cause long-term psychological impact. The first ECG may not show signs of heart attack and possibly the examination should be repeated. Sometimes a second test still shows no change, and during this case, the diagnosis will rely on blood tests. The heart, like all other body cells, contain special chemicals called enzymes. When heart cells are damaged, enzymes are released together with circulating blood flow. After a heart attack, levels of this enzyme in part direct to rise, but subsequently these enzymes quickly break down and therefore no longer detectable after a day or two days, there is a new enzyme that is released several hours or several days later to stay in the blood for several days or even a few weeks <br /><br />The diagnosis of coronary heart disease by: <br />- Anamnesis <br />- Physical Examination <br />- Electrocardiography (ECG) <br />- Laboratory <br />- Chest X-rays <br />- Echocardiography <br />- Treadmill Test <br />- Coronary AngiographyUnknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8862332685574333157.post-28324465027719681062010-11-10T10:46:00.000-08:002010-11-10T10:46:00.412-08:00Symptoms of Heart DiseaseHeart disease can affect anyone. Young age are also vulnerable to the disease this one. The reason is the pattern of human life now is full of fragility. Whereas the heart is the most important organ for sure someone can live. The heart is already having symptoms of illness it is necessary to be careful more. If you are not friendly with some symptoms that might be when found not know if it turns out it is a symptom of heart disease, then consider the following exposure.<br /><br />The symptoms below are not always, but most. If all you feel, it needs to be checked because it is a symptom of heart disease.<br /><br />Here are the symptoms of heart disease, not always, but most. Symptoms are as follows.<br />- Pain<br />As long as we do activities, will feel the pain in some parts of the body. Muscles are not supplies blood as needed, oxygen and metabolic processes makes excessive cramps. Chest pain, tightness, because the heart muscle not getting enough blood intake. Pain that is felt would happen almost every day.<br />- Shortness of Breath<br /> The entry of fluid into the lung cavity that disrupts the flow of air in the lungs. Patients will experience shortness of breath. Patients feel shortness of breath during activity, is if people with shortness of breath at rest (silent) means the category of advanced heart disease. Shortness of breath is often experienced in lying position. Because the fluid that accumulated in the lungs to flow to the heart.<br />- Fatigue or exhaustion<br /> Weakened heart muscle that causes the blood pumping less than perfect. Patients often feel weak and tired despite not doing anything. To avoid weakening of heart function, we should regularly exercise and do a lot of movement that would lead to more active work of the heart.<br />- Heart palpitations (Palpitations)<br /> Heart pounding signs of heart disease is the same type of racing with another symptom is when someone fatigue, shortness of breath and pain in his body.<br />- Dizziness and Fainting<br /> Abnormal blood pumping so that the revenue net of blood to be disturbed, a person may feel dizzy due to lack of blood. Heart rate weakened resulting in the patient unconscious. Persistent pain, pain in the spine, and brain disorders due to abnormalities in blood supply makes the dizziness and fainting.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8862332685574333157.post-81139235796376525972010-11-05T09:31:00.000-07:002010-11-05T09:31:00.395-07:00Cause Heart DiseaseCoronary heart disease was initially caused by the accumulation of fat in the blood vessel walls in the heart (coronary arteries), and this is gradually followed by various processes such as hoarding network belt, blood clots, etc.., All of which will be narrowed or clogged blood vessels them. This will lead to the heart muscle in those areas lacking blood flow and can cause a variety of serious consequences, from angina pectoris (chest pain) to heart infarction, which in community known as heart attack that can cause sudden death.<br /><br />Some of the most important risk factor for coronary heart disease:<br />- Total and LDL Cholesterol Levels High<br />- Low HDL Cholesterol Levels<br />- High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)<br />- Smoking<br />The risk of heart disease from smoking is equivalent to 100 pounds overweight - so it is not possible to equate the two.<br />- Diabetes Mellitus<br />Most people with diabetes die not because of increased blood sugar levels, but because the condition of their heart complications.<br />- Obesity<br />Central obesity (belly fat) is a form of obesity. Although all obese people tend to have an increased risk of heart disease, people with obesity was even more so.<br />- History of heart disease in the family lineage<br />History of heart attack within the family is often a result of abnormal cholesterol profiles.<br />- Unhealthy Lifestyle / Lack of exercise<br />Bad lifestyle is one of the root causes of heart disease - and replace them with physical activity is one of the most radical step that can be taken.<br />- Stress<br />Many studies have shown that, when facing a tense situation, there may be life-threatening heart arithmias.<br />- Entering the age of 45 years for men.<br />It is important for men to realize their vulnerability and take positive action to prevent future heart disease.<br />- For women, entered the age of 55 years or premature menopause (as a result of the operation).<br />Women began following the men in terms of risk of heart disease after menopause.<br /><br />When you carry one or more risk factors mentioned above, you are encouraged periodically check your heart health to an expert. The existence of two or more risk factors would be multiplied times the total increase risk of coronary heart disease.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8862332685574333157.post-65440147339488203352010-11-01T07:30:00.000-07:002010-11-02T03:31:43.523-07:00Introduction of Heart DiseaseRheumatic heart disease is a condition where cardiac valve damaged by rheumatic fever.<br />Congenital heart disease is a type of defect or abnormality in one or more structures of the heart or blood vessels that occur before birth. This defect occurs when the fetus develops in the womb and affects 80-10 of every 1,000 children. Congenital heart defects may produce symptoms at birth, during childhood, and sometimes not until adulthood. Approximately 500,000 people in the U.S. adult congenital heart disease.<br /><br />Heart attack is the cessation of blood flow, even if only for a moment, that led to the heart, and causes some heart cells to die.<br />Heart disease is the number one cause of death in adults in the United States. Each year, in the United States:<br />1.5 million people suffered heart attacks.<br />478,000 people die from coronary heart disease.<br />407 000 people experience the transition operation.<br />300,000 people undergo angioplasty.<br />Heart disease, stroke and peripheral arterial disease is a deadly disease. Worldwide, the number of people with this disease continues to grow. The three categories of disease is not out of an unhealthy lifestyle that a lot done in line with the changing pattern of life.<br />These factors trigger a heart attack is smoking, eating foods high cholesterol, lack of movement, supine exercise, stress, and less rest.<br /><br />Heart attack is a condition when the damage suffered by the heart muscle (myocardium) due to very sudden decrease in blood supply to the heart muscle. Reduced blood supply to the heart suddenly can occur when one of the coronary artery blockage was for some time, either due to spasm - coronary tighten artery - or due to blood clots - thrombus. Sections of heart muscle that is usually supplied by a pulse which block stop functioning properly immediately after splasme subsides by itself, the symptoms disappeared completely and heart muscle function completely normally again. This is often called crescendo angina or coronary insufficiency. Conversely, if the blood supply to the heart stops altogether, the cells in question experienced a permanent change in just a few hours only and referred to the heart muscle is severely degraded or permanently damaged. Muscles of the dead is called infarction.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8862332685574333157.post-56579128274812222602010-10-23T11:59:00.000-07:002010-10-28T04:06:18.951-07:00Stroke ManagementIn caring for stroke patients, there are a few things to note in relation to the circumstances experienced by patients. All this is done for convenience and create conditions so that patients recover faster. Things that need to do:<br />- Position the body in a state lying on his side (lateral decubitus)<br />- Avoid giving food or drink orally<br />- Avoid permanent catheter placement.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8862332685574333157.post-48689452343143778662010-10-21T11:43:00.000-07:002010-10-28T03:59:09.818-07:00Treatment of Acute Stroke PatientsAcute-phase treatment program conducted with the initial step of acute stroke treatment. First focus on general medical resuscitation ABC.<br /><br />A. Water Way<br />The first action in dealing with acute stroke patients is to assess the respiratory system. Examination of the water-way includes the area of the mouth, such as food scraps, dentures or foreign objects blocking the water way sufferers.<br /><br />Way the water issue generally occurs in patients with bleeding strokes. For patients with ischemic stroke, water-way is usually stabilkecuali on brain stem infarction or recurrent seizures. To avoid blockage of water on the way stroke patients are not aware, the patient should be in the lateral decubitus position, mild hyperextension neck, and shoulders lifted, aspirated secretions, endotracheal testing. If intubation required more than 3 days, the tracheostomy may be considered.<br /><br />B. Breathing<br />All stroke patients are given supplemental oxygen 1-2 liters per minute through the nose until there is blood gas analysis. Then adjusted with a target partial Pa O2> 80-100 mmHg. Oxygen delivery in patients with stroke is generally beneficial, because the brain requires a lot to carry oxygen metabolism. Levels of carbon dioxide Pa CO2 = 30-35 mmHg.<br /><br />C. Circulation<br />After the action of water-way and oxygenation, then the next important also is to improve circulation and brain perfusion adequately in a way keep cardiac output and blood pressure. Then checked state of circulation such as blood pressure and pulse.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8862332685574333157.post-68975671764478614292010-10-19T09:42:00.000-07:002010-10-28T03:43:14.256-07:00Examination StrokeIn treating stroke patients, need to be considered so that the treatment process or tahapam right on target:<br />- The acute phase: usually lasts between 4-7 days. Target patient survived<br />- Phase of recovery: after the acute phase had passed, the next is pemulihanyang phase lasts about 2-4 weeks. Target patient bekajar disturbed motor skills and learn new adjustments to compensate for limitations.<br />- Rehabilitation: target to continue the recovery process to achieve improved physical ability, mental, social and speaking skills.<br />- Phase Everyday life: after the acute phase is exceeded, then the preventive therapy to avoid recurrence of acute stroke.<br /><br />Hospital Handling<br />Handling of hyperacute phase of stroke patients should be performed in a hospital. Actions taken at the hospital depends on the type and weight experienced a stroke. Patients may be encouraged to stay to find out the cause of the stroke. Although patients must stay in the hospital, does not mean a stroke will bring harm or disability. Stroke is not always predictable, and may take several days to find out clearly against the possibility further. Hospital doctors will take some action to ensure that the diagnosis was a stroke, not other diseases whose symptoms are similar to stroke such as brain tumors, epilepsy, migraine. The doctor will perform several checks:<br />- CT-scan (computerised tomography scanning)<br />- MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)<br />- ECG / EKG (electrocardiograph)<br />- EEG (electroencephalogram)<br />- Blood tests<br />- Angiogram or arteriogram<br />- Roentgen rays<br /><br />State of the patient as a whole should also be considered include hemoglobin, electrolytes, albumin, cleanliness of the respiratory tract and urinary tract.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8862332685574333157.post-76557735486656881962010-10-17T10:57:00.000-07:002010-10-26T03:58:45.259-07:00Stroke DiagnosisThe diagnosis is usually based on the course of the disease and results of physical examination. Physical examination can help determine the location of brain damage. Inspection procedures to be performed should not much time for too long, for the sake of minimizing the loss of time between the onset of disease and the start of therapy.<br /><br />Examination Support<br />CT-scan should be performed on sema patients with suspected acute stroke. CT-scan without contrast to distinguish ischemic stroke, hemorrhage and stroke. At the stroke of bleeding, lesions form hiperdens. While in ischemic stroke, lesions form hipodens or normal. It should be noted that about 5% of stroke subarachnoid hemorrhage CT-scan can be normal, so we need punksi lumbar examination. Cerebrospinal fluid in subarachnoid hemorrhage of blood red.<br /><br />Differential Diagnosis<br />Some diseases that need to be considered because it has symptoms similar to acute stroke:<br />- Trauma to the head or neck<br />- Meningnitis / encephalitis (brain infection)<br />- Hypertensive encephalopathy / brain disorders due to hypertension<br />- Intracranial mass: tumor, hematoma<br />- The attack seizures with a temporary nerve disorder<br />- Migraine with temporary neurological disorders<br />- Metabolic Disorders: hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, heart post-ischemia, toxic poisoning, endocrine disorders / myxedema, uremia<br />- Psychiatric Disorders<br />- Shock accompanied by hypoperfusion of the central nervousUnknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8862332685574333157.post-34950737085866681462010-10-15T08:57:00.000-07:002010-10-26T03:57:54.433-07:00Advanced Stroke SymptomsHere are the symptoms of a stroke that is more detailed:<br />- The offensive focal neurological deficits, weakness or paralysis of the arm, or one side of the body.<br />- Loss of taste or abnormal sensations in the arm or one side of the body. Side numbness, cramp, was on fire.<br />- Mouth, tongue can not be straight.<br />- Impaired swallowing, difficulty swallowing, hard to drink.<br />- Talk is not clear, difficult to speak, the spoken word is not as you wish, nasal, aphasia. Talk is not smooth, just a few words were spoken.<br />- It's hard to think or say the right words.<br />- Not understanding the speech of others.<br />- Not able to read, write and do not understand the writing.<br />- Unable to count, decreased intelligence.<br />- Not able to recognize parts of the body.<br />- Loss of bladder control.<br />- It's hard to walk.<br />- Forgetful (dementia)<br />- Vertigo<br />- Start of rapid disease, sudden<br />- Loss of vision, vision be disturbed, dark vision<br />Eyelids open hard-<br />- Hearing loss or hearing loss<br />- Become more sensitive<br />- Always wanted to sleep<br />- Loss of balance, body movements are not well coordinated<br />- Disturbance of consciousness, faintingUnknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8862332685574333157.post-28268000902507966162010-10-13T11:59:00.000-07:002010-10-25T04:01:05.565-07:00Stroke SymptomsThe following disorder may be a symptom of someone affected by stroke:<br />- Facial Drop<br />Normal: both sides of the face moved symmetrically<br />Abnormal: one side of the front left<br />- Speech and language disorders<br />Normal: to pronounce sentence correctly and clearly<br />Abnormal: difficulty speaking, using the wrong word<br />- Arm Drift<br />Normal: both arms to move simultaneously and parallel<br />Abnormal: One arm moves down / not aligned<br />- Eye movement disorders and impaired coordination<br /><br />Symptoms of mild stroke<br />When a stroke occurs, should be immediately taken to the hospital. When the doctor checked and found no symptoms of stroke, the patient is exposed to the possibility of temporary ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack or minor stroke. Patients will recover after 24 hours after the stroke occurred. To prevent repeat strokes, then the patient should lead a healthy lifestyle and consume a drug that can destroy the blockage or plaque in arteries.<br /><br />Early Stroke Symptoms<br />Initial attack of stroke is usually a disturbance of consciousness. Disturbance of consciousness can be a feeling of wanting to sleep, confusion, difficulty remembering, blurred vision and so forth. In the next few hours of consciousness disturbance will continue, reduce muscle strength and coordination, in the form of difficulty concentrating on reading or hearing. Alternatively, the patient not easy to talk and do activities such as standing, walking and holding something. Another disturbance in the form of difficulty breathing. Other early symptoms include loss of muscle force as limp fingers, legs become stiff and lose coordination of movement. If the symptoms are more severe then the patient should be taken to the hospital.<br /><br />Most cases of stroke occur suddenly, very quickly and cause brain damage within minutes. Stroke can get worse within a few hours or several days due to increased area of dead brain tissue. The development of the disease are usually interspersed with stable periods, where the expansion of brain tissue dies and stops while going improvement. Symptoms of acute stroke patients depending on the affected brain regions.<br /><br />Broadly speaking, the brain consists of 3 parts:<br />1. Cerebrum: functions associated with higher intellectual function, speech function, the integration of sensory information and control of fine movements<br />2. Small brain: functions to manage the coordination of movement and balance the body.<br />3. Brain stem: controls the basic functions of the organs, such as eye movements, balance, awareness, breathing and heart function.<br /><br />Right-brain part associated with the introduction of space, body, ability to draw, art and buildings. While the left brain function on speech, numeracy and writing.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8862332685574333157.post-43977411085916237912010-10-11T10:58:00.000-07:002010-10-25T03:59:50.701-07:00Hemorrhagic StrokeObstruction of blood supply to the brain can be caused by arteries that supply blood to the brain is broken by certain causes. For example, blood pressure suddenly high. Increased blood pressure suddenly height can be caused by hypertension, psychological stress, head trauma or increased pressure such as coughing loudly and others. The blood vessels that rupture is usually due to artery-shaped thin-walled balloon, called aneurysms or atherosclerotic arterial wounds. Brain bleeding may occur in the brain called brain hemorrhage, so the brain contaminated by blood collection (hematoma), or blood into the subarachnoid space called the subarachnoid hemorrhage.<br /><br />Subarachnoid hemorrhage there are 2 types, namely primary and secondary. Primary when a ruptured blood vessel from an artery in the subarachnoid. Secondary when the source of blood from other places outside the subarachnoid space into the room subarachnoid. In the blood vessels that rupture can occur contraction / vasocontraction, namely diminution arterial lumen or channel which can inhibit brain blood flow, and symptoms that arise depend on which brain areas are affected.<br /><br />Hemorrhagic strokes are divided into:<br />- Subarachnoid hemorrhage (PSA)<br />- Intracerebral hemorrhage (PIS), or intraventrikel intraparenkimUnknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8862332685574333157.post-38643450383202009552010-10-09T09:57:00.000-07:002010-10-25T03:58:51.949-07:00Ischemic StrokeThe brain can function well if blood flow to the brain does not experience obstacles. However, if supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by blood cells and plasma blocked by blood clots or thrombosis occurs in blood vessels supplying the brain, an ischemic stroke will occur. This can result in cell death / brain tissue supplied. Obstruction of blood flow to the brain can be caused by a thrombosis or embolism and hardening of the arteries called atherosclerotic plaques through the process of atherosclerosis.<br /><br />Based on the clinical course, a stroke ischemic grouped into:<br />- Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA): temporary stroke that lasts less than<br /> 24 hours<br />- Reversible ischemic neurologic deficit (RIND): neurological symptoms will disappear between<br /> > 24 hours to 21 days<br />- Progressing stroke or stroke in evolution: abnormalities or neurologic deficit lasted<br /> gradually from light to become severe.<br />- Completed complete stroke or stroke: neurological abnormalities has been settled and no<br /> expand again.<br /><br />According to the classification test of Neurological Disorders The National Stroke Part III, based on the cause of ischemic stroke were divided into 4 groups:<br />- Therothrombotic: blockage of blood vessels by plaque<br />- Kardioemboli: blockage of blood vessels by plaque fragments (emboli) of cardiac<br />- Lakuner: blockage of plaque on blood vessel-shaped hole<br />- Other causes that lead to hypotension<br /><br />There are several causes of ischemic stroke:<br />1. Atheroma<br />In ischemic stroke, blockage can occur in the path of the arteries to the brain, such as an atheroma can form in the carotid arteries causing reduced blood flow. The situation is very serious because the carotid artery in normal circumstances to give blood to most of the brain.<br /><br />2. Embolism<br />Fat deposition can also be separated from the artery walls and flows in the blood, clogging arteries and smaller. Carotid artery and vertebral artery and its branches can be blocked due to blood clot originating from elsewhere, eg, from the heart. Formed when fat embolism from bone marrow that broke loose in the bloodstream and eventually clog the small arteries. Embolic stroke due to blockage is rare.<br /><br />3. Infection<br />Strokes can occur when infection causes inflammation narrowing of blood vessels leading to the brain.<br /><br />4. Drugs<br />The drugs also can lead to stroke, such as cocaine and amphetamines. By way of narrowing the lumen of blood vessels in the brain and cause strokes.<br /><br />5. Hypotension<br />Decrease in blood pressure that suddenly can cause reduced blood flow to the brain, which usually causes a person to faint. Stroke can occur if very severe low blood pressure. This occurs when a person experiences a lot of blood loss due to injury or surgery, heart attack or abnormal heart.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8862332685574333157.post-63418673170741452402010-10-07T07:56:00.000-07:002010-10-25T03:57:48.785-07:00Causes of StrokeA stroke is caused by 2 main things, namely blockage of an artery that carries blood to the brain (ischemic stroke) and since the bleeding in the brain (hemorrhagic stroke). There are several factors causing stroke (multirisk factors). Eating goat and smoking is often regarded as the only cause, but there are many other factors such as eating fatty food, patterns and lifestyle, hormonal factors, and psychiatric conditions, exposed to free radicals, and the adequacy of vitamins and minerals.<br /><br />In contrast to those classified as risky, such a factor hiyperlipoproteinemia (and triglyseride cholesterol in the blood above normal), although reducing fatty foods, living regular and adequate exercise, but still vulnerable to stroke.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8862332685574333157.post-52285633400377498762010-10-05T10:35:00.000-07:002010-10-20T03:36:23.907-07:00Definition of StrokeStroke is a form of brain functional disorders penyalit nerve palsy / neurologic deficit due to interruption of blood flow in one part of the brain. Stroke is defined as a disease of the brain due to interruption of blood supply to the brain due to blockage or bleeding, with symptoms of momentary paralysis, or severe symptoms until loss of consciousness or death. Stroke can be ischemic or bleeding (hemorrhagic).<br /><br />In ischemic stroke, blood flow to the brain stops because of atherosclerotic or blood clot that has clogged the blood vessels, through the process of atherosclerosis.<br /><br />At the stroke bleeding / hemorrhagic, rupture of blood vessels so that blood flow becomes abnormal and the blood that comes out into a region in the brain and cause damage.<br /><br />Acute stroke, either ischemic or bleeding is a medical emergency requiring immediate treatment because it can cause permanent disability or death.<br /><br />According to WHO, stroke is the clinical signs of disturbance of cerebral function both locally and globally, is growing rapidly, with symptoms that lasted for 24 hours or more, or leading to death without visible cause, in addition to signs pertaining to the flow blood in the brain. Stroke is a disease of acute brain functional disorders, both locally and globally, due to interruption of blood flow to the brain because of bleeding or blockage, which can recover completely, recover with a disability or result in death.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8862332685574333157.post-7490833783198910982010-10-03T10:13:00.000-07:002010-10-19T04:13:54.206-07:00Introduction About Stroke (2)Stroke can be classified in chronic penyakir because of a long process, although it occurs in acute stroke. Process until the occurrence of stroke may have occurred several years before a stroke appear. Symptoms of stroke depend on where yamg affected brain vessels, the amount of blockage in the brain, the part where the blood vessels that rupture and whether parts of the brain are affected quite vital. Not all strokes cause symptoms. <br /><br />Although there is no presenting symptoms in patients with stroke, does not mean definitely not a stroke. Maybe the process is already underway, because the symptoms of stroke occur if the blockage has reached 80%. These conditions are for those at risk of stroke preventive save meanings. If only the process of stroke can be prevented or stopped, then the likelihood of stroke does not occur. But people who experience a stroke process usually do not realize that his brain is being threatened stroke. Someone had to know if a stroke occurs when the examination process with tools. <br /><br />The initial symptoms of stroke that may arise, could be in the form of momentary paralysis (Transient Ischaemic Attack) which is often called a mild stroke. That is an initial process towards a severe stroke emerging in part and usually recovers itself within 1-2 days. But when a minor stroke which left without treatment means, a time will appear more severe stroke, and most will be too late to be cured completely. A variety of stroke symptoms to watch out for, especially for those at risk of stroke, such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hiperlipdemia, hypercholesterolemia or who suffer from heart disease, fragile psychological stress or a combination of these factors. <br /><br />Stroke in an early stage may appear as a stroke in evolution. Namely stroke symptoms had appeared, but the process has not finished a stroke, still continues so still will flourish again. Within hours, the condition of the patient worsens or the patient becomes unconscious conscious self. <br /><br />There is also a direct cause of stroke that paralyzed half of the body is called completed strokes. Where the stroke has been completed and no longer growing. <br /><br />The case of a stroke can occur as a recurrent stroke. If the first stroke treatment is not done to hinder the process of stroke, the stroke aftershocks will occur again. Attacks could occur at the same location of the brain, as well as in other areas of the brain with symptoms and manifestations are different. <br /><br />All cases of stroke must be addressed urgently, in within 3 hours after the first stroke appears. The goal is to damage brain cells are still in the process does not get worse, so that could still be saved.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8862332685574333157.post-2635381313673934892010-10-01T08:50:00.000-07:002010-10-19T03:52:29.804-07:00Introduction About Stroke (1)Stroke is still the leading cause of death in the world. These diseases also have an impact on the most disabled adults who are still productive. The high cases of stroke due to low public awareness in addressing the various risk factors that could cause a stroke.<br /><br />Stroke (cerebroscascular accident) is not just attacking people aged over 50 years, but also the productive age are still working. Even in some cases, this disease is still aged under 30 years old.<br /><br />Stroke is a brain attack that occurs suddenly, without any advance warning. The disease is partly due to blockage of plaque thrombotic and bleeding. That is an artery or rupture of blood vessels in the brain tiaba blue.<br /><br />Stroke can actually be prevented, treated and rehabilitated. Stroke patients may seek to control the situation better than the previous time. We can realize that to overcome some or almost all matters relating to stroke, and return to a healthy lifestyle. Strategies to reduce the number of defects due to stroke and death is by primary prevention, secondary and effective treatment to optimize quality of life.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8862332685574333157.post-49352787652296992842010-09-23T10:02:00.000-07:002010-10-13T04:03:15.158-07:00Treatment of Avian InfluenzaTreatment for patients with avian influenza are hospitalized at the hospital in isolation rooms. To get the appropriate treatment and care because this disease is dangerous. Patients should receive oxygen for breathing, fluid perenteral, antiviral drugs and other treatments required by patients.<br /><br />Antivirus Drugs<br />There are 4 types of drugs that can be used as an influenza A antiviral medication that is: amantadin, rimantadin, oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza). Four drugs can be used for the treatment of ordinary influenza (seasonal influenza). But not all drugs can be used to treat diseases caused by avian influenza A subtype H5N1 influenza virus. Based on research by experts, the H5N1 virus is resistant to rimantadin and amantadin.<br /><br />Oseltamivir is administered orally and inhaled zanamivir are effective against the H5N1 virus. Besides being used in pengobata, oseltamivir also be used as prophylaxis or prevention of avian influenza disease.<br /><br />The use of oseltamivir is closely monitored in order to avoid resistance to the drug. Therefore, while it is experiencing influenza, may not easily be drinking or drug oseltamivir as prifilaksis, must go through a doctor's prescription.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0